Finance

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Finance is a key topic in the OCR GCSE Businessspecification. This topic covers sources of finance, cash flow, and financial performance.

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Finance Why businesses need finance Start-up costs Running costs Expansion Internal sources of finance Retained profit Sale of assets Owner's savings External sources of finance Bank loans Advantages of loans Disadvantages of loans Bank overdrafts Advantages of overdrafts Disadvantages of overdrafts Trade credit Hire purchase Leasing Share capital Venture capital Crowdfunding Government grants Choosing sources of finance Purpose of finance Amount needed Duration Cost of finance Short-term vs long-term Revenue Total revenue Calculating revenue Revenue formula Costs Fixed costs Examples of fixed costs Variable costs Examples of variable costs Total costs Calculating total costs Interest Cost of borrowing Profit Gross profit Calculating gross profit Net profit Calculating net profit Profit formula Importance of profit Reinvestment Dividends Loss Causes of loss Break-even Break-even point Contribution Contribution per unit Calculating break-even Break-even formula Break-even charts Drawing break-even charts Total revenue line Total costs line Fixed costs line Interpreting break-even charts Margin of safety Calculating margin of safety Uses of break-even analysis Limitations of break-even analysis Cash Importance of cash Cash vs profit Cash flow Cash inflows Sources of inflows Cash outflows Types of outflows Net cash flow Cash flow forecasts Purpose of forecasts Structure of cash flow forecast Opening balance Closing balance Cash flow problems Causes of problems Low sales High costs Poor credit control Overtrading Solutions to cash flow problems Improving inflows Reducing outflows Arranging finance Financial performance Gross profit margin Calculating gross profit margin Net profit margin Calculating net profit margin Interpreting profit margins Average rate of return (ARR)Calculating ARR Interpreting ARR Using financial data Limitations of financial data

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